Mobile equipment capitalizes on benefits of hydraulics
By A. L. Hitchcox, managing editor
Whether the job is big or small, hydraulics can match power and performance to the application.
Hydraulics has given a tremendous boost to the performance and versatility of mobile equipment. After centuries of human and animal powered equipment, machine builders harnessed the power of steam. This advancement expanded the power of machines to enable them to move heavier loads faster. To this day, you still sometimes hear excavators referred to as steam shovels. But the greatest leap forward in mobile equipment performance came with the advent of modern hydraulics.
These advancements continue today with ever-increasing power capacities, higher reliability through improved filtration and diagnostic techniques, higher energy efficiency by implementing load-sensing circuitry, and enhanced operation through electronic control. Perhaps nothing better illustrates the strides achieved in higher power capabilities for mobile equipment than the photo at right. It shows one of the first all-hydraulic excavators dwarfed by the largest built to date, the RH400, designed and built by Orenstein and Koppel AG, of Berlin, Germany. The hydrostatic drives, implements, and other systems are powered by a pair of Cummins 2700-hp QSK60 diesel engines. The hydraulic systems are supplied by 18 variable-displacement, axial-piston pumps, eight of which are Model A7VSL1000HDs from Mannesmann Rexroth.
This earthmoving giant was delivered to Syncrude Canada Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta for its new North Mine project. A total of four RH-400s are used for mining oil sand, which is trucked to crushing stations and eventually mixed with hot water to form an oil sand slurry that is pumped through a pipeline to an extraction station. The process is expected eventually to produce 82 million barrels of oil per year. When the project reaches full capacity, in 2006, the four RH400s will deliver oil sand to as many as 30 trucks, each with a capacity of 320 tons. It takes only four passes of an RH400 to completely fill one of the trucks. The high reliability and efficiency of the RH400's hydraulic system, combined with other advancements, will enable production to increase while decreasing operating costs. In fact, officials project that the North Mine project will use 15% less energy than had been consumed by its predecessor, the East Mine.
Hydraulics essential to mobile forklift
Unless you work in the material handling or shipping industry, you probably think of a forklift as 4-wheeled vehicle that zips through warehouses unloading pallet-mounted cargo from trucks, loading cargo onto trucks, or moving freight around a warehouse to make room for more freight. Although this is an accurate perception of the traditional forklift truck, more and more lift trucks depart from this convention.
Two applications have driven this diversity in forklift truck design. First, outdoor warehousing has become commonplace, so the traditional 4-wheel truck with small tires and rear drive and steering proves unsuitable in many situations. Instead, forklift trucks that can tackle uneven terrain were developed to serve this need. Second, many companies need to load or unload cargo at facilities that have no forklift truck. For these cases, the lift truck is loaded onto the truck bed and transported with the freight to the destination. Once there, the lift truck is unloaded and used to move the freight from the truck's cargo bed to a specific area at the destination.
The TrailerMate, manufactured by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., Lubbock, Texas, combines both of these features and more - all made possible by the innovative use of hydraulics. The TrailerMate features a two-wheel hydrostatic drive (three-wheel optional) that not only provides propulsion, but speed control and braking as well. Steering is accomplished through a rear-mounted wheel that is positioned by a rotary actuator. As with most forklifts, the mast assembly is raised and lowered using hydraulics. But, in addition, the TrailerMate incorporates a Pantograph Reach mechanism that is, essentially, a horizontally mounted double scissors jack. A pair of hydraulic cylinders actuates this mechanism to permit the fork assembly to reach loads positioned up to 4-ft in front of the TrailerMate.
HST provides propulsion
The hydraulic system of the TrailerMate TM50 is powered by a 46-hp (@2700 rpm) diesel engine driving a Sauer-Sundstrand Series 40 pump for the hydrostatic transmission (HST). A tandem-mounted gear pump provides flow for steering, the mast assembly, and stabilizers. In the HST circuit, the variable-displacement, axial-piston pump delivers up to 46 cc/rev (2.8 in.3/rev) and has a maximum pressure rating of 350 bar (5000 psi). Output flow from the pump is routed to a parallel circuit feeding a pair of 35 cc/rev (2.14 in.3/rev) fixed-displacement, axial-piston motors (which also are part of the Series 40). Each motor is connected through a splined shaft to a Torque-Hub planetary wheel drive from Fairfield Mfg. to drive the front wheels.
The HST also incorporates a traction control system that can be engaged when the TrailerMate is operated under conditions that prevent the tires from getting good traction.The operator activates the traction control system through a switch, which routes hydraulic fluid through a flow divider/combiner. With the system activated, the divider/combiner valve routes hydraulic fluid equally to both wheels. This prevents the wheel with lower traction from spinning.
Using the HST simplifies the design providing not only propulsion, but braking as well. This eliminates the need for the many braking components that would be necessary if the TrailerMate used a mechanical drive. A spring-applied/pressure-released brake holds the TrailerMate in place when it is parked. A switch on the parking brake is wired to the engine's electrical circuit to keep the engine from starting unless the brake is applied.
Rotary actuator simplifies steering
Steering is accomplished though a third wheel mounted in the center-rear of the vehicle. (As an option, this wheel incorporates an axial-piston motor to provide 3-wheel drive.) Supplied by Helac Corp., this rotary actuator uses a piston-and-helix configuration to generate high torque through a full 180° rotation. The rotary actuator offers several advantages over conventional steering cylinder and linkage setup. The rotary actuator:
* eliminates mechanical linkages and the maintenance associated with them* exhibits constant steering effort throughout the full range of steering
* needs no periodic adjustment for wear
* achieves longer life
* is more compact, and
* provides more precise steering control.
In addition to these benefits of using rotary actuators in general, the TrailerMate takes advantage of what Helac calls a pivot-style mounting. This actuator design incorporates integral bearings and a heavy-duty shaft and flange assembly, making it a self-contained steering actuator and wheel mount. Installation simply involves connecting the wheel assembly at the bottom, bolting the top flange of the actuator to the underside of the vehicle frame, and connecting the hydraulic lines.
Rusty Shinn, lead engineer at Eagle-Picher, pointed out precise steering control is important, because designers wanted the TrailerMate to be easy to use. This is one reason why they decided against using a skid-steer drive arrangement. With skid-steer, steering is accomplished by varying the speed of the wheels on the left or right side of the vehicle. In fact, rotating wheels forward one side of the vehicle and in reverse on the other side allows the vehicle to turn on its own center. But because most operators would be accustomed to operating a conventional forklift truck, designers wanted the TrailerMate to have the steering feel of a conventional forklift. With the rear wheel positioned perpendicular to the front wheels, the Trailer Mate exhibits a turning radius of only 114 in, or 93 in. for the optional 3-wheel drive model.
Far-reaching versatility
One of the most useful features of the TrailerMate is its Pantograph Reach mechanism. Essentially, this is a horizontally mounted scissors jack powered by a pair of hydraulic cylinders that extends the forks forward up to 48 in. This allows the TrailerMate to unload a truck entirely from one side of a truck's cargo bed. Not only does this increase productivity, but it improves safety because operators don't have to venture out onto the traffic side of a truck to unload it. Also, if an operator needs to reach a loaded pallet that lies behind another one, he or she can extend the forks forward and above the obstacle to gain access to the load without having to move the pallet that is in the way.
The TrailerMate is also designed for ease of maintenance, especially the hydraulic system. All hydraulic connections use O-ring face seal fittings to prevent leakage and simplify removal and replacement of components. To ensure reliability, the hydraulic system incorporates 2-µm filters in the HST circuit, which uses a piston pump and motors, and 10 µm filtration for other circuits, which use the more-forgiving gear pump. In addition, all maintenance checks can be performed from the right-hand side of the vehicle.
Expanding the realm of possibilities
Articulated booms have become the workhorses of many industries because they can reach areas that would be inaccessible otherwise. For example, attaching a basket to the end of an articulated boom allows workers to inspect the underside of a bridge for assessing the condition of the understructure. Attaching a pair of forks allows lifting materials over or around obstacles in a crowded warehouse or storage yard. In construction, piping mounted alongside the articulated boom enables pumping concrete directly to a work site. This saves a tremendous amount of time over dumping concrete into a trough and transporting it in small batches to the work site.
But no matter what the industry, the number of joints in articulated booms and their reach have been limited by weight. Much of this weight is attributed to the hydraulic cylinders that provide power for movement. Reducing weight of the hydraulic cylinders, then, would make it possible to expand the capabilities of an articulated boom. Reducing the bore (and, therefore, weight) of the cylinder is one way of accomplishing this. But unless hydraulic system pressure is increased substantially, the cylinder will be unable to generate enough force to maintain an equivalent load rating. Furthermore, designing a hydraulic system to operate at higher pressure can add substantially to its cost.
Gross vehicle weight is important because laws restrict the weight-per-axle that a vehicle can carry and the number of axles allowed on specific roads. And because adding length to a boom would increase its weight, a longer articulated boom would have to be made of more expensive, higher-strength materials to avoid having to add another axle to the vehicle. Incorporating an additional axle to what is generally used today would require special licensing for the vehicle. But special licensing adds to the cost of a project and almost certainly leads to production delays. Therefore, the ideal articulated boom would have a longer reach or more joints, yet weigh no more than what is commonly used.
Widely used welded cylinders made of high-strength steel exhibit a high strength-to-weight ratio, but a new type of cylinder holds potential to more than double the strength density of hydraulic cylinders. Having a geometry similar to standard tie-rod cylinders, the new cylinder design uses a barrel made of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) wrapped around and bonded to a thin stainless steel sleeve.
Lighter cylinders improve design
Designed and manufactured by Lingk & Sturzebecher Gmbh, Stuhr, Germany, the CFRP cylinders have been made in a variety of sizes, shapes and configurations for use in robots, helicopters, foundation jacks, and, of course, articulated booms. Carsten H. Müller, president and owner of Lingk & Sturzebecher, revealed that his company recently won a contract with Airbus Industries to supply CFRP cylinders for use in commercial aircraft. Furthermore, he said his cylinders also are used in the M55 concrete pump manufactured by Putzmeister, Aichtal, Germany. At 55 m (180 ft), the M55 has the highest vertical reach in the world for an articulated-boom concrete pump.
Müller explained that as stroke increases, the weight of the barrel becomes a higher percentage of a cylinder's overall weight. He mentioned that in a steel cylinder, weight of the cylinder's end caps remains constant as stroke increases, and weight of the piston rod increases with stroke. But, according to Müller, because the barrel weighs so much more than the rod per inch of stroke (especially if the cylinder has a large bore and relatively small-diameter rod), as much as 75% of a cylinder's weight could be attributed to the barrel.
Müller continued by saying that a CFRP barrel weighs only a fraction of what a steel barrel of the same bore weighs. Furthermore, he said the CFRP barrel also exhibits a much higher tensile strength than steel, so a thin-walled CFRP barrel can withstand high pressure. He cited 350 bar (5800 psi) as the maximum rated working pressure for CFRP cylinders used in the concrete pump pictured at the bottom of this page. He also explained that the stainless steel liner provides an ideal surface for the piston seal to achieve low leakage and long life.
How much lighter are the CFRP cylinders? That depends, of course, on bore, stroke, rod diameter, and other considerations. But Müller revealed that the average CFRP cylinder weighs about 60% less than the steel cylinder it typically replaces, such as in mobile equipment. He admitted, though, that CFRP cylinders cost more than conventional cylinders, but that this can be justified by the weight savings. In general, he said, a CFRP cylinder may cost twice as much as a conventional cylinder, but weigh half as much. The weight saved by using the CFRP cylinders allows other improvements in the equipment design, so the CFRP cylinders add only a small increment to overall manufacturing cost but make a huge contribution to improved design. And as with most new technologies, Müller expects the cost differential to shrink as production volume increases.
For more information on CFRP cylinders, contact Lingk & Sturzebecher GmbH by phone at (49)421/56-3051, fax (49)421/56-4486, e-mail info@lingk-sturzebecher.de, or visit their web site at www.lingk-sturzebecher.de/english.htm.
Hydraulic reservoirs for mobile equipment are expected to perform the same functions as their industrial counterparts - but usually under more adverse and less predictable operating conditions. Machine motion (which makes complex baffling systems necessary to prevent fluid sloshing) and extreme ambient temperatures are just two examples of the special problems faced by designers of hydraulic systems for mobile equipment.
Cold temperatures can cause water to condense on the interior surfaces of the reservoir. Unless a means is provided to remove condensate from the hydraulic fluid, that water will act as a contaminant to degrade system performance and reliability and shorten the life of the fluid and hydraulic components. In addition, reservoirs constructed of steel would be prone to rust and the high potential for fluid contamination it poses. Rust can be prevented simply by constructing the reservoir of engineered plastics, composites, non-ferrous metals, or steel with a corrosion-resistant coating.
Size and weight limitations may require mobile equipment to operate with reservoirs as small as the volume a pump discharges in a minute. This is roughly a third the size of a reservoir traditionally used in industrial applications. The space and shape limitations mobile equipment place on reservoirs usually requires that they be custom designed. Cost, size, and weight must be minimized, while still maintaining adequate performance and efficiency.
Internal or external filters?
Return filters are often placed inside the tank to save space and to provide integral diffusion. One advantage of in-tank return filtration is that filling the tank through the filter helps ensure system cleanliness. However, be sure contaminants cannot fall into the reservoir when a return filter element is changed. Placing filters within the tank provides a neat design but may promote contaminating an area that is difficult to keep clean. While more difficult to plumb, external return filters keep contamination outside the tank, and they are more easily accessible for servicing.
Magnets should be placed in the reservoir to trap ferrous particles. Dams and suction strainers also can be added to increase the effectiveness of the reservoir as a solid contaminant controller. Particle dams, placed between the return and suction areas of the tank, help contain heavier particles that may have bypassed the return filters. Dams commonly consist of an angle plate that extends across the floor of the tank. The dam should be high enough to contain particles until the reservoir is routinely cleaned, but low enough to prevent fluid from having to cascade over it. Dams also provide ideal mounting surfaces for magnets.
Locating a pump at or above fluid level and far away from the tank (more the rule than the exception with mobile equipment) usually prohibits the use of pump inlet filters. Suction strainers or filters should be considered as a form of last-chance pump protection when positive pressure can be provided at the pump inlet &emdash; as with a charge pump or pressurized reservoir. When sizing suction filters, pay attention to fluid temperature (especially during startup) if equipment will operate in cold climates and pumps cannot be disengaged during startup.
Vented or pressurized reservoir?
An important design consideration is whether to specify a vented or pressurized reservoir. The major deciding factors are the location and inlet requirements of the pumps. The fluid level of the reservoir in many mobile applications is below the pump inlet. At best, if there is vacuum at the pump inlet, the pump may have to be derated. If inlet line losses are great enough, cavitation will occur. In these cases, pressurizing the reservoir will help maintain pump performance.
There are three ways to pressurize a reservoir on most mobile equipment:
* if available, use regulated compressed air from a machine's pneumatic system. This is the most effective method* trap the air within the reservoir clearance volume (above the fluid) and depend on thermal expansion of the fluid to compress this air, and thus pressurize the reservoir. A reservoir pressure cap holds pressure within the tank and relieves any excess pressure, or
* tap pressurized air from the scavenge pump of a two-cycle diesel engine.
With pressurized reservoirs, be sure to calculate stresses on reservoir walls, because even low pressures can exert substantial loads against large areas. For example, an internal pressure of only 3 psi applies a force of 1800 lb on a 20-230-in. wall. This force, combined with weight of hydraulic fluid, plus G forces involved in mobile equipment, can produce stresses high enough to actually work harden a metal reservoir. Work hardening makes the metal more brittle, which eventually will cause leakage when the metal is exposed to continued stress.
Wall stresses should also be calculated for vented reservoirs. High stresses develop quickly in large areas of flat plate. And again, weight of the fluid can cause large deflections. Furthermore, mounting peripheral equipment - such as ladders - to a reservoir increases the need to specify stiffening members and thicker plate.
For vented reservoirs, strong consideration should be given to using filtered breathers to reduce ingression of airborne contaminants. If equipment will be operated in cold weather, use of a filtered breather with desiccant should be considered to reduce the humidity of air drawn into the reservoir, thereby reducing the amount of moisture that can condense on interior surfaces of the reservoir. If a filtered breather is used, be sure to also specify a vacuum breaker. This type of relief valve allows air to enter the reservoir if the filter becomes clogged. A clogged filter could cause the pump to pull a vacuum in the reservoir, which could lead to pump cavitation or other problems.
In cases of extremely heavy airborne contamination, you may want to consider a breather that prevents ambient air from coming in contact with the fluid. These breathers use a bladder or diaphragm to keep the ambient air separated from the hydraulic fluid and the reservoir's interior surfaces.
Cleaning and maintenance
Access for reservoir servicing must also be taken into account. There should be provisions to drain both return and suction areas of the tank, especially if a dam is installed to separate them. Pipe couplings often are used for such drains, but SAE O-ring ports provide better sealing. Valving should also be installed to close off inlet lines when replacing pumps or other components that are mounted below fluid level.
This is often wishful thinking, but access should be provided for cleaning and maintaining the interior of the tank. Ideally, hatches should be large enough to provide enough room for service personnel to maneuver cleaning tools.
Submitted by Brian Burgess, product manager, fixed-displacement products, Parker Hannifin Corp., Pump/Motor Div., Otsego, Mich.